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On the basis of general Engineering and plastics the flame retardancy, strength as well as impact resistance, toughness, antibacterial resistance, and aging resistance properties of plastics are improved by filling, blending or strengthening as well as other methods.
How can nano materials alter plastics?
1. Resilience to ageing of reinforced plastics
The process of aging for polymer material particularly photooxidation aging starts at the surface of materials or products like discoloration cracking, pulverization, glossiness loss, etc., before gradually advancing into their interior. The anti-aging properties of polymers directly affect its service life and the environment in particular industrial plastics and plastic construction materials. It’s not only an indicator that deserves the most attention, but a crucial aspect in polymer chemical research. The wavelength for ultraviolet light is 200400nm. However, the ultraviolet wavelength of 280 to 400 nanometers can disrupt the polymer molecular structure, thus making the material more prone to aging. Nano-oxides such alumina, nano Nano-titanium dioxide, nano-silica and others, have high absorption for radiofrequency and the infrared. A proper mix of nano SiO2 and TiO2 can absorb a huge amount of ultraviolet rays . They protect plastics from being damaged from sunlight. They can also help in preventing plastic products from discoloration, cracking and photo-damage, making these materials anti-aging.
2. Improve the property of antibacterial and/or anti-mildew plastics
The preparation of antibacterial plastics is usually by adding antimicrobial agents or masterbatch. The resin is then infused with the antibacterial masterbatch. Because plastic molding must undergo high temperatures the inorganic antimicrobial products that are able to withstand the high temperatures. Traditional antibacterial metal powders , such as zinc nitrate and copper sulfate nitrate are not easy to incorporate directly into thermoplastics. Inorganic nano-antibacterial powder is specially modified to create antibacterial polymer masterbatch, which is easy to be used in plastic items and has good compatibility with plastics. It is beneficial to the dispersal of antimicrobial agents. Inorganic silver particles can be transported into nano titanium dioxide nano-silicon Aluminum oxide, various other inorganic nano-materials. the resultant powder has antibacterial properties. It can be in combination with plastics, extruded and molded by ultraviolet irradiation in order to make antibacterial plastics. its antibacterial properties are derived through the gradual release of antimicrobial compounds, in order to create the antibacterial effects.
3. Improve the toughness and strength of plastics
Once the second element gets added to the polymeric matrix, an emulsion is formed and a more comprehensive material is made by compounding which can improve the mechanical strength and impact durability of the material. The development of nanomaterials offers the possibility of a novel method for the reinforcement and toughening change of plastics. The surface defects of small-sized particles dispersed in phase have a small number and there are a lot of non-paired atoms. The ratio of the surface number of atoms to the total number of nanoparticles is increased dramatically as the particle decreases in size. It is because the crystal’s field and the binding energy of atoms on the surface differ from the ones that are internal atoms. Hence, they have a significant chemical function. By micronizing the crystal field and the increase of active surface particles, the surface energy increases dramatically, so it can be very closely linked with polymer substrate and has good compatibility. When subjected to external force the ion may not be likely to be removed from the substrate , and is able to more effectively transfer the stress. While at the same time as it interacts with the stress field it is likely to create microcracks and plastic deformations inside the material, which could cause the substrate to yield and absorb a large amount of impact energyin order to achieve the objective of strengthening and toughening in the same way. The most commonly used nano-materials include nano micro silica, nano alumina nano-calcium carbonate, etc.
4. Improve the thermal conductivity plastics
Thermally conductive plastics are class of plastics with the highest thermal conductivity. These generally exceeds 1W/ (m. km.). These plastics are more and more widely used because of their light weight they have, their rapid thermal conductivity simple injection molding, low processing cost and so on. Because of its high heat conductivity and insulation nano-alumina is widely used in thermally conductive plastics, thermal conductive rubber, thermal construction age, thermal conductive coatings , as well as other fields. Contrary to metal fillers, the nano-alumina / nanomagnesia blend can not only improve the thermal conductivity, but also enhance the insulation properties, and the physical properties that plastics have can be enhanced.
5. Enhance the processability of plastics
Certain polymers, for instance ultra-high molecularweight polyethylene (UHMWPE) with an average viscosity molecularweight of more than 150 minutes, are able to provide comprehensive properties, but they are difficult to be created and processed due to their high viscosity. This limits their usage and popularization. Making use of the low interlaminar friction factor of Silicate layer, the nano-rare-earth / ultra high molecular weight polyethylene blend was developed by fully mixing UHMWPE with layered silicate that can reduce the interspersion of UHMWPE molecular chain and reduce the viscosity. They play a key role in fluid lubrication, greatly increasing its ability to process.
6. Nanomaterials make plastics useful.
Metal nanoparticles can be found in heterogeneous nucleation, which can induce the formation of various crystal forms that impart toughness to these materials. When polypropylene is coated with nanoparticles of metal with a low melting point and it is discovered that it could play the role of conductive channel. This can help in strengthening and toughening the polypropylene with its melting points that are low. It improves the processability of the composites.
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