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silver granules are small irregular balls of fine silver, usually available in sewn bags (silver) or in sealed tins (gold). They are typically sold to industrial clients and precious metal dealers.
Generally, silver granules are made in refineries. They are produced by pouring liquid silver through a heat-resistant sieve into cold water. The water quench produces tiny particles of silver that are almost round in shape, although some can be very small.
In some cases, silver granules can also be cast into bars. However, this is a more complex process.
The production of silver granules is generally carried out by the large industrial refineries, who sell them to their commercial customers and precious metal dealers. These companies often sell their silver granules in sewn bags or sealed tins, depending on the size of the units required by each buyer.
Silver is a toxic metal when absorbed into the body, particularly in high concentrations and if it is metabolised by multiple pathways. Silver absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is the most well-known route but silver is also absorbed through inhalation, intraparenteral insertion of medical devices and through dermal contact.
Laboratory toxicity studies have revealed that silver particles bind to protein residues on the cell membranes of sensitive bacteria, fungi and protozoa and are then absorbed by a pinocytic mechanism. These proteins are then denaturated and inactivated, which is the basis of the antimicrobial action of silver.
A variety of toxic effects have been observed in animal models of silver exposure, including oxidative stress and changes to cellular shape. In cultured lung fibroblasts, silver particles at 6.25-50 mg*mL-1 caused cell death and apoptosis, accompanied by alteration in cell structure and increased lipid peroxidation.
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