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Sapphire is a member of the corundum family and is second hardest gemstone after diamond. It is a durable stone that stands up well to everyday wear. It is often used in rings, necklaces and earrings. Sapphires are found in a wide variety of colors, with blue being the most common and most sought after color. However, they are also available in a range of other hues and tones including yellow, pinkish-orange, purple, green and orange.
Like other corundums, sapphire can be naturally colorless, but they are usually heat-treated to improve their clarity and color. Typically, gentle heat is applied to the gemstone for a prolonged period of time. It is possible to find unheated Sapphires, but they are rare. Sapphires that are not heat-treated are often subjected to diffusion treatment, a process where beryllium or another element is diffused onto the surface of the gemstone. While less expensive than heat-treated Sapphires, this method can affect the quality of a Sapphire.
While there is no standard grading system for Sapphires, gemologists focus on the clarity and color of a gemstone. The more transparent and free of flaws, the better a Sapphire will be priced.
The most prized Sapphires are those extracted in Kashmir, India, which have a velvety deep blue color. This is the color that resembles heaven according to biblical references. In the Middle Ages, it was believed that wearing a blue Sapphire suppressed negative thoughts and encouraged wisdom. Ivan the Terrible of Russia said it strengthens the heart and muscles, endows a person with courage and protects against poison.